This activity sought to demonstrate the cause of the Coriolis Effect- the phenomenon that causes winds and water in the Northern Hemisphere to rotate clockwise and those in the Southern Hemisphere to rotate counterclockwise. To demonstrate the effect, a practical model involving two loosely attached index cards was used. To simulate the counterclockwise rotation of the earth on its axis from the perspective of the Northern and Southern hemispheres, one card was moved to the left and right while the student traced a line along the edge of the stationary card. The resulting trajectory was curved, either to the right or left, depending on the way that the moving card rotated. This curved trajectory was a clear explanation of the Coriolis Effect. The role of the Coriolis Effect in global winds and water transportation was then investigated.
The transportation of air and water depends largely upon the Coriolis Effect, and so, subsequently, is the transportation of heat and water vapor. The mechanics and function of the Greenhouse Effect thus are greatly affected by the Coriolis Effect, since the global transportation of energy/radiation and greenhouse gases like water vapor determine which areas of the planet are most affected. Since the global transportation system driven by the Coriolis Effect tends to gather water vapor, air, heat, etc. at the tropics, it can be assumed that it is those areas which are most dramatically influenced by the effects of Greenhouse gas radiation.
Relevant Websites:
http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/fw/crls.rxml
http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/coriolis_effect.html
The Greenhouse Effect
The Greenhouse Effect is a natural phenomenon that dramatically influences climate patterns on a global scale. It is named for the concept of a literal greenhouse- sunlight entering through glass, reflecting off of the inside, and reflecting off the glass again. The very same concept applies in other situations as well. For example, a car which is parked in the sun with its windows closed heats up similarly for the same reason. This concept also occurs on the global level- the atmosphere blankets the Earth by trapping infrared radiation- and this global condition is an accurate definition of the Greenhouse Effect.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:RHSGlasshouse.JPG
What causes the Greenhouse Effect in the Earth's atmosphere is the accumulation of "greenhouse gases" that reflect solar radiation back to Earth. Some of the primary greenhouse gases on Earth include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and carbon monoxide. These gases allow most solar radiation to pass through to the surface of the planet. Much of the radiation of shorter wavelengths is absorbed then by the ground or ocean, while the longer-wavelength energy- particularly infrared waves- are not absorbed and therefore reflects back into the atmosphere. This thermal energy, if not for the atmosphere, would escape into the vacuum of space. However, due to the presence of these various greenhouse gases, much of the radiation does not escape. It is instead absorbed by the greenhouse gas compounds, where its precious heat can be returned to the Earth. The extra heat provided by the Greenhouse Effect is critical to the balance of the global climate and if the atmosphere were somehow magically removed, the importance of its influence would become almost immediately evident. The Earth's current average surface temperature with the Greenhouse Effect in action is 14 degrees Celsius. According to estimations, if the Earth did not have an atmosphere, its surface temperature would drop a whopping 33 degrees to -19 Celsius! (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-1)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Greenhouse_Effect.svg
It is certainly very clear how vital the Greenhouse Effect is to maintaining the current life system on Earth- without it the global ecosystem would cease to function as it does, and mass extinction would occur. However, the Greenhouse Effect can work in a more adverse direction as well. Since the dawn of the Industrial Age, it has proven itself, in fact, to be one of the prominent culprits behind the recent trend of global warming.
(http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/gases.html#cf) This is because industrialization has given rise to a new reinforcement to the global blanket of greenhouse gases- manmade chemicals. The constant churning of human industry has brought new synthetic products into the atmosphere that have similar effects to those of other natural gases. Some of these include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) found in aerosol propellants and cleaning solutions, as well as
synthesized carbontetrafluoride and sulfurhexafluoride. In addition, excess carbon dioxide is another major concern- its accumulation catalyzed by human combustion used for energy generated from fossil fuels and in vehicular exhaust.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Atmospheric_Transmission.png
How are the effects of the Greenhouse Effect predicted? Well, it's a combination of scientific study, careful calculation, and most of all constant data collection. By taking the composition of the atmosphere and comparing it to trends in global climate, scientific researchers can determine the degree of effect that human influence has on the global environment through its magnification of the Greenhouse Effect. By conducting ongoing and extensive research, we can observe the extent of the effect it has. In observing these trends, we can also project the course that will be taken in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the near future, and therefore foresee the effects that the continuation of our current course will have.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mauna_Loa_Carbon_Dioxide.png
How are warnings about the adverse conditions brought on by an increase of greenhouse gases issued? Well, that is simply a question of publicity, media coverage, and the instruction of the ignorant public. There's been a considerable hype over the issue of global warming in recent years, and some of the primary media targets have been television advertisement and the internet. The organizations putting out the informative material are trying to emphasize the seriousness, the reality of the issues surrounding the consequences of global warming. By helping the public come to understand the problem and its causes, and show the measures that must be taken to prevent it, a possible solution to the upcoming issue is also initiated.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Instrumental_Temperature_Record.png
Links to Factual Information:
http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/gases.html
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/greenhouse/
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/grnhse.html
http://epa.gov/climatechange/kids/greenhouse.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming
Bibliography:
-(2005, Dec 1). NCDC: Greenhouse Gases. Retrieved April 2008 from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration website: http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/gases.html
-(2008, Apr 18). Greenhouse effect. Retrieved April 2008 from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect
-Greenhouse Effect. Retrieved April 2008 from: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/grnhse.html
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